Svein Tore Holsether, from Yara, said countries needed to cut their reliance on Russia after its invasion of Ukraine hit global food supplies and prices. Russia is a top exporter of fertilisers and chemicals used to make them. But the war has caused supply issues and driven up the price of natural gas, which is key to fertiliser production. As a result, global fertiliser prices have hit record levels and forced farmers to raise food prices, putting pressure on consumers worldwide.

“Putin has weaponised energy and they’re weaponising food as well,” Mr Holsether told the BBC at the start of the World Economic Forum in Davos. “It’s the saying, ‘fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me’.” • Soaring fertiliser prices force farmers to rethink The warning echoes concern from the International Monetary Fund. Also speaking to the BBC, its managing director Kristalina Georgieva said the world should “move attention today to fertilisers, because this is where we see particular threat for food production and therefore food prices in 2023”. She added: “Fertiliser prices remain very high.

Production of ammonia [which is used to make fertiliser] in the European Union, for example, shrank dramatically. All of this is connected, of course, to the impact of Russia’s war on gas prices and gas availability.” Russia stockpiled fertiliser for domestic use last year. While its exports declined, the record prices paid for fertiliser led to a 70% increase in export revenues, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation. Moscow increased exports to countries such as India and Turkey.

Russia also produces enormous amounts of nutrients, like potash and phosphate – key ingredients in fertilisers, which enable plants and crops to grow. Mr Holsether called this dependency a “powerful weapon”. “With energy we’ve built an infrastructure in Europe on cheap Russian gas and we see the consequences and the cost of that right now with food and fertiliser.” He pointed out that half of the world’s food production is dependent on fertiliser.